A Tale of Magic Beans-Creative Prose Essay Example

A Tale of Magic Beans-Creative Prose Essay It was a dismal eve when Jack returned home from the market after buying seeds from a vile looking character. Jack!, Wheres that bread! Jacks mom screamed. What the heck are these? Beans, magic beans Jack replied sullenly. Stupid, useless wretch! His mother exclaimed as she lashed out at Jack. I hate you! Jack yelled as he ran out the door. I am never coming back, never! he screamed. Jack ran away from the house past the market and into the woods. It was midnight by the time Jack stopped running and he looked around. The putrid smell of the damp rotting wood covered with moss was overpowering. The woods were eerily silent, but for the raspy winds that were Jacks only companions that night. Alone and exhausted Jack decided to stop here and sleep. But before sleep could come Jack withdrew the accursed seeds and threw them at his feet and spat at them for his undeserved misfortunes.Jack woke the next morning with only a clump of dirt as a pillow and the mist as his moist blanket. As he tried to decide what his next course of action was to be he looked over in to the clearing. To his disbelief where the beans had been was a giant beanstalk. As Jack walked towards it he followed it with his eyes all the way up into the clouds. Jack decided to climb up the bean stalk to get a better view. As he neared the clouds he decided to see how tall the bean stalk was. As he emerged from the clouds he noticed a dark and sinister castle sitting on top of the clouds. As he moved towards it he noticed how immense it was. He walked up to the huge door with the grotesque gargoyle door knocker. He grabbed the huge knocker and slowly heaved the heavy door open. Jack slowly entered the castle and moved down the hall while staying in the shadows.After searching the castle and finding it empty Jack returned to the kitchen and quenched his hunger and thirst. After eating Jack found an empty room to sleep in. Jack woke late in the day to the sound of heavy footsteps entering the castle. Ja ck sat paralyzed listening to the footsteps moving down the hall towards the room Jack was in then past it towards the kitchen. After what seemed an eternity but was only a few minutes Jack slowly opened the door enough to see down the hall and into the kitchen. Jack saw a man who must have been 12 feet tall, a giant! Jack watched as the giant prepared a huge bird for dinner. Jack then noticed a thick coil of green rope. It moved, Jack then saw this was no rope but an enormous snake with one of its eyes replaced with a blood red ruby. Jack continued to watch the giant eat the bird and noticed how much the giant reminded him of his deceased abusive father. He decided then and there that he would kill the giant.Once the giant and snake had gone to sleep, Jack slowly opened the door to the room he had sat in. He found in the kitchen the giants hatchet and axe; since the axe was so big, Jack took the hatchet. He slowly moved down into the bowels of the castle where the snake slept. The snakes room was damp and warm and filled with the musty smell of rat. Jack walked up to the giant head of the snake, the size of Jack whole chest. He slowly moved towards the snake with the one ruby eye open and watching him. Quietly Jack moved behind the beasts head, lifted the hatchet high above his head and swiftly struck the blade on the creatures neck breaking its spine and instantly killing it. Jack then went and hacked off the snakes large and poisonous fangs with the hatchet.Jack then proceeded up to the giants sleeping chambers. It was midnight when Jack slowly and quietly entered the giants chamber. He slowly walked up to the giants bed, pulled the fangs from his pockets and drove them into the giants eyes. The giant awoke with a roar of pain. He immediately got up and ran for the door, tripping over Jack along the way. Who are you? Why did you do this? screamed the giant as he tried to grab Jack. Jack ran out the door and down the stairs with the giant close behind him in chase. Get back here! the giant roared after Jack. Jack lead the giant through the castle and out the front door. The giant in a crazed rage chased Jack knocking over things as he went. Once outside Jack lead the giant away from the castle and past the beanstalk. Slowly the clouds began to thin and Jack quickly realized that he was sinking into the clouds as he ran. The giant still chasing and being heavier dropped through the clouds and plummeted towards the earth. Jack watched and to his glee the giant landed on his mothers house. Jack became the new owner of the castle and never saw his mother or the giant again.

Importance of International Business Management for Running a Successful Company

Importance of International Business Management for Running a Successful Company Introduction Well established modern business organizations have increasingly been seeking to expand their operations beyond the boundaries of their mother countries. Consequently, international trade has been stirred up and accelerated thanks to advancement made by man in Information Communication Technology (ICT) and other areas during 19th and 20th Centuries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Importance of International Business Management for Running a Successful Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business organizations particularly from world’s major economies and the emerging Asian economies offering goods and services in different commercial sectors or industries are striving to establish a high profile presence in the international markets in an attempt to enhance their profitability and remain competitive in an era of accelerated globalization. Some of them are part and parcel of the busi ness organizations known as multinational corporations (MNCs) or multinational enterprises (MNEs) which have operational branches in virtually all stable nations world over.  There are various reasons that encourage business organizations desire to expand in to the international or foreign markets. Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt (2008) have identified four main reasons that usually motivates companies or business organizations seek to expand in to international markets namely the desire to use current resources and gain access to new resources, seeking to expand or develop new markets, competitive rivalry and controlling core competences and learning. These authors points out that companies search for economies of scale in the use of their existing resources by expanding in to new foreign markets. At times they enter international markets in order to reach certain valuable resources like raw materials, specialized knowledge or cheap labour. As companies become well established in the domestic markets they begin searching for international markets in order to increase their revenue and gain more profits, enhance their competition with major rivals and influence further development of their core competencies (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008; Ajami and Goddard,2006). Background Increased and accelerated international business activities has brought up the need for special managerial knowledge and skills on how to manage profitably and successfully companies that seeks to expand their operations in to new global markets. The need for this knowledge has been partly due to the fact that irrespective of the many benefits that a business organization accrues because of expanding into new foreign markets, they encounter various problems and challenges in their preferred international markets Dewan Sudarshan (1996).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the internet as a matter of fact has made international business inevitable because companies as well as consumers can now access more information about markets and goods respectively easily than they could before the advent of the internet technology. In other words, as Lane, DiStefano and Maznevski (2005) put it, as the international economy grow and expands current and new business managers are forced to learn how to work as efficiently in foreign countries as they do in their mother countries as well as how to develop bridges across the world by controlling both likeness and differences. In addition, business organization has realized that their survival in a world that is ever becoming small in line with technological advancements can no longer be hinged up on domestic market alone.  These needs has seen institutions of higher learning design international business management study programmes meant to produce professionals with necessary knowledge, attitud es and skills needed to manage global business organizations successfully. International business differs in many ways from domestic business and so does international business management from domestic business management. International business management refers to the practice of controlling, directing and guiding business operations in host countries where socio-economic and political conditions, general and business laws and business practices are critically different and unique from domestic business practices and conditions which managers are normally conversant with Newlands and Hooper (2009). In other senses, the term international business management refers to human activities involving exchange of goods and services directed towards human satisfaction between and among more than two countries and the study discipline concerned with such activities and practices. Objectives The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of international business management for runni ng a success company. It aims to establish the nature of international business. It also seeks to identify strategies that a company can adopt in order to sustain its competitive advantages at the international markets so as to safeguard its profitability and survival. Findings and Analysis The significance of international business management for running a successful company rests up on the many advantages that accrue from a company’s expansion into new international markets and development of an international identity by a company Korine and Gomez (2002). To begin with, going global gives a company numerous financial advantages. For instance, the larger the network of a successful company the easier it is to move to places of maximum safety and with highest returns and profit Mead and Andrews (2009).Managing a successful company internationally is a strategic plan that managers can use to mitigate business risks by moving company’s capitals from insecure and socio-po litically unstable markets to safer markets.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Importance of International Business Management for Running a Successful Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also enables a company to focus its energies up on the most profitable markets in a region or segments in a given market thereby boosting its profits. Secondly, running a business internationally offers production and marketing advantages Mead and Andrews (2009).For example, access to new international markets enables a company to reduce its production costs by accessing valuable inexpensive raw materials as well as cheap labour. International business management also enables a company to reach and acquire specialized knowledge in new global markets which is unavailable in home markets. In addition, a company that is managed internationally is able to partner with local marketing companies thereby deriving marketing advantages in the sense that a company product gets identified with already known companies and brands. Also a company gets an opportunity to market its identity in new markets. International business management also enables a company to enjoy economies of scale through use of their existing resources to expand into new foreign markets.  Even though there are various similar managerial practices between domestic and international business, international business has four main areas of business which raises concerns that international managers must understand for their companies to be successful Newlands and Hooper (2009). They include cultural differences, commercial environments, politico-legal environments and financial issues. When doing business in different countries cultural differences must be put in to consideration carefully in order to shun cultural clash which is harmful to business Shenkar and Luo cited in (Newlands and Hooper, 2009; Briscoe, Schuler and Claus, 2008). The main cultural difference to consider is language without which communication can not take place effectively within a business organization Newlands and Hooper (2009). The management must also put enough efforts to understand people’s social customs. For instance, they should learn how people greet each other, work ethics, their sense of individualism versus collectivism, their concept of hierarchy, personal space among many other social aspects which affects business activities Newlands and Hooper (2009). International business managers must also understand the politico-legal environment in which their companies will conduct its business. It is important to note that different countries have unique political and legal systems Newlands and Hooper (2009). The management must consider issues such as dispute resoluition, employment regulations and contracts.Thirdly; international business managers must note and understand that different countries have different economic or co mmercial environments Newlands and Hooper (2009). For example, some countries are more developed and highly industrialized than others while others are emerging econonmies.At the same time different economies grow at different rates so that while some are growing rapidly others are declining Newlands and Hooper (2009). In addition, resources availability, infrastructure and support needed for conduct of business differ from one country to another.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Last but not least, international business managers must consider financial issues Newlands and Hooper (2009). They must note that countries while countries have to trade with each other they have different currencies which operate at different exchange rates in the international markets. Those are some the main aspects of international business which managers must consider carefully in order for their companies to succeed in international markets. In order to promote and maintain competiveness in the international markets the following points should be considered by all international designers of a company’s business plan. First, since international markets are increasingly dynamic arenas for competitive interaction; to compete successfully marketing managers of a company should have an in-depth understanding of the diverse needs and demands of customers in various global markets in which these firms intermingle Aswathappa (2010). Secondly, the company should ensure that con sumers’ attitude towards its products which are of course foreign to them is positive because their attitude profoundly influences their purchasing behavior Aswathappa (2010). Finally, those designing a company’s marketing strategies should consider the already confirmed fact that country-of-origin literature contributes considerable knowledge of consumers’ attitude toward foreign products in various countries and can make available insights into the importance of such knowledge for the determination of successful international marketing Aswathappa (2010). It should also be understood that although numerous developing countries and emerging economies have emerged as vital points of products in international business activities, research on the attitudes of consumers towards foreign should be intensified in the developing countries. Other strategies that a company can embrace include maintainance of a long-term differentiation strategy geared towards production o f goods and services that consumers recognize as being different (Aswathappa, 2010; Harrison 2009). However, international managers should note that a successful differentiation strategy is successful after an intensive study of the customers’ needs and preferences in order to establish the viability of integrating one or more differentiating features into a product. Successful differentiation feature allows a company to continue charging higher prices for its products and acquire customer loyalty because customers may become strongly attached to the differentiated features Aswathappa (2010).  International managers should also take advantage of their companies’ economies of scale in order to attain the lowest cost in all industries in which it is a player. According to Aswathappa (2010), certain elements of cost should be pruned in order to achieve low cost. These elements include economies of scale, learning and experience curve effects, level of competence utiliza tion, connection with suppliers and distributors, RD costs, labour, taxes, energy and shipping expenditure Aswathappa (2010). However, it is important to note that cost leadership strategy as a method of dealing with problem of competitiveness in the global markets is usually effective in situations whereby the market is composed of many price-sensitive buyers or when consumers are not concerned very much about the differences from brand to brand as well as when there is a large number of customers with adequate purchasing power Aswathappa (2010). Conclusions and Recommendations Countries must inevitably do business with each other regardless of their diverse business practices and varying business conditions and environments. International business management becomes an important means through which managers use their special knowledge, attitudes and skills in bridging the similarities and differences between domestic and international business activities. International business ma nagers must note that even though there are certain business practices practiced at home that are also doable at the international markets, international business differs sharply with domestic business. They must particularly take note of the all major cultural differences and learn how to harmonize and manage employees from different cultural backgrounds. They should also consider keenly politico-legal differences between various countries where their operations are carried out. Managers must also consider economic or commercial environments of the different countries in order for their companies to succeed in new international markets. Financial issues should be considered carefully because different countries have different currencies with diverse features and abilities within the international foreign exchange markets. It is recommendable that given the accelerated rate of globalization those training as business managers should study deeply how to manage business organizations internationally. Those working for companies operating internationally should get on job training on matters and trends pertaining international business management in order to safeguard success of their companies. Reference List Ajami, R. A., Goddard. J. (2006). International business: theory and practice. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe. Aswathappa. (2010). International Business 4E. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Briscoe, D. R., Schuler, R. S., Claus, L. M. (2008). International Human Resource Management. London: Taylor Francis. Dewan, J., Sudarshan, K. (1996). International Business Management. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. DiStefano, J. J., Maznevski, M. L. (2005). International management behavior: text, readings, and cases. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. Harrison, J. (2009). Foundations in strategic management. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Ireland, R. Duan, Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A. (2008). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases. New York: Cen gage Learning. Korine, H., Gomez, P. (2002). The leap to globalization: creating new value from business without borders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Mead, R., Andrews, T. G. (2009). International Management. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley and Sons Newlands, D. J., Hooper, M. J. (2009). The global business handbook: the eight dimensions of international management. London: Gower Publishing, Ltd.

LIT 201 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LIT 201 Final - Essay Example The paper mainly seek to explore the literary works of both Oedipus Tyrannous and Don Quixote utilizes irony is a vital aspect of literary brilliance Irony as a theme is a vital tool in any literature or piece of work. It literally means using words in a way to give out a meaning that differs from what the same words are actually supposed to mean in any normal grammar set up. It provides a contrast between the form and truth in the meaning of the words used (Bandera, 89). In our set up for the classic works of Oedipus and Don Quixote it means the expression of a character’s self by employing a language that usually depicts the reverse, archetypally for either humorous or unequivocal impact. It is among many literature equipment used to make the plot more interesting and keep the devoted audience involved in the literature or piece of work. It is usually applicable in both social and personal aspects of a literature piece of work (Bandera, 77). In our two main classic works of Oedipus and Don Quixote irony is the predominant theme utilized throughout the plot of the piece of work. The two characters display innumerable ironies in both the personal and the social concepts. In Oedipus’ work there is a presentation of man’s futile attempt to act against God, a supernatural being. In Don Quixote’s case, irony is based on the literal set point of view where the character literally believed in the words from his book and even tries to live it with regard to its main ideas of heroism and gallantry. A close comparison of the literature works of Oedipus Tyrannous and Don Quixote gives the depiction of irony, dramatic and situational, depicted in two literally unique set ups to fully utilize irony as an aspect of literature brilliance. The two characters display dramatic and situational types of irony. Dramatic in the sense that the characters are unaware of the actual situation as implicated yet the audience that is

Love Styles By John Lee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love Styles By John Lee - Essay Example Love means different things and emotions to different people and one person's love could be meaningless to another. Love could be heady, and many have compared it to be under the influence of strong drugs. In his autobiography "Love's Gay Fool" Lee gives vivid picture of his pursuits of love. His commitment to gay and lesbianism are well known. It is told that in personal life 'he followed the advice of the ancient Greek poet, Homer: "Let love be the business of our lives." In 'Models of Love' (1974), Lee argues that all the styles of love are equally important and valid. His theoretical test of love's styles is authentic, authoritative, and his description of six love models had not been questioned or bettered. Conceptually speaking, Lee has presented love in almost all its splendors. He has not hesitated to show its obsessive and ugly side. He has been pragmatic about its diverse approaches and endings. When he says Eros is 'quick to decay' it brings to mind a flower of rare beauty, but limited life. Ludus presents a playful, teenage, ever-young, always refreshing side of love that could be divine and passionate simultaneously. Storge could be seen more in older couples, where compassion is the basis of love instead of physical attraction. Mania comes under the psychological problems of love, where partner or partners could be obsessed beyond reasoning and this irrational desire for the other person could lead to violent endings.

Black on the Block Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black on the Block - Essay Example   Ã‚   Question 1 Mary’s main idea in the book, Black on the Block mostly focuses on the middle class people who were living a middle class lifestyle in Chicago. High percentage of the people who were in this group comprised of the blacks who were struggling to keep their standards as those of most Europeans who had high class lifestyle. These efforts were also aimed at reducing discrimination on the blacks due to their race. Mary claims that the blacks were not given equal chances as the whites but she forgot that this was not their land of origin. Mary therefore focuses mostly on the poverty of the blacks and the challenges the faced as a result of this poverty. An area in Chicago by the name North Kenwood-Oakland was the resident for both the rich and the poor. However, the number of the rich was highly increasing in the area. That was a great challenge to the people in the middle class level since it subjects them to a risk of being pushed away and looses their houses to the rich. Mary believed that that would subject them to more poverty but they had no alternative. Mary claimed that financial institutions would loan them but that could not be right since they owned nothing as they were in a foreign country. This discrimination blocked them from borrowing a loan from financial institutions that could have helped them in coming up with projects which could have initiated profit generation. They thought that the main reason for the discrimination of the black was as a result of their race and skin color but it was their home origin. The blacks did all they could to see to it that their rights as human beings were respected. They wanted to be given equal privileges like the fellow citizens. This led to riots in the streets of Chicago.    Question 2 Mary takes the reader through several things that were done to the black community living in Chicago and the problems they faced. She talks a lot of negative things concerning Chicago some of them being on how the whites were going to better schools than the blacks. She exaggerates this story so much on the negativity of Chicago. As she approaches the end of the story, she focuses mostly on the on the unity of the black community and how they worked together on fighting the discrimination that was subjected to them. This shows that she was very happy for the black since she was in their support. This proves that the research she did was not recommendable since she was biased and she favored the blacks. The reason for this was because she was also in the middle class as the African-America community.   What the blacks were going through was not discrimination since Chicago was not their land and that was the result for the ir poverty. However they were lucky to be treated as the whites after their demonstrations. Question 3 For an individual to be in a position of writing such a book, a lot of information is required. This can be easily proved by a lot of history that is contained in this book.   For instance, as Mary continues with her story, she gives a information in form of numerals and ratios to show the progress that the blacks were making in order for them to win this battle of discrimination. Within duration of twenty years, the black’s community increased from 21% to 99%, which was through interactions within themselves and also with the white. This increase helped them to be

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay This report was written in the pursuit of creating a suitable wing box structure for AMYE, in which a suitable design for the structure has been researched. As a result of the design study on wing box loading cases and requirements imposed on the concept, a finished structure plan has been created. The finished design structure has been created in recognition of design criteria calling for a wing box able of carrying a 2.5kN bending load without any buckling, and a 5kN bending load before failure as final parameters. The analytical study of all options of design has shown how the number of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet spacing can all be used to vary and tailor the wing box structure in order to meet design parameters. The conclusion of the report is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and simultaneously not have any over-design present in the structure, a dimensioned wing box plan has been formulated. Summarising, the wing box has 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate, 2 spar webs and a rivet spacing of 30 mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. Introduction Part of a wing box design, construction and testing process, this report will focus on a final wing box design for the AMYE company. The AMYE company has issued a request for a wing box design for one of their aircraft. This report will provide information on such a design. The design report will be influenced by findings done in the literacy report. AMYE will focus on designs meeting their needs and financial possibilities. Therefore, this report will provide information on the wing box design and choices made to come to this design. The report also meets AMYEs request for a construction proposal. There are certain requirements for the design of the wing box. This report contains a basic design as well as our own input to meet all the needs of the client. The goal is to make a basic design meeting all the requirements and then adding our own design choices making the design better in a way of for example lower weight, or lower production costs. There will also be a production plan cut out. Structure of the report is as follows. As in any design project, requirements are formulated first. After discussion of a number of key concepts, design is made based on calculations. From this design a construction plan is made, followed by a weight and cost estimation, which is to be reported to AMYE. Design Requirements Design of any aircraft component is based on the requirements imposed on the part. For the wing box load bearing capabilities AMYE has set clear requirements, being (Brugemann et all, 2010): The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 2,5 kN without buckling. The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 5,0 kN without failure. Buckling is allowed at this extreme situation. The design must be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. The number of stingers and rivets must therefore be kept as low as possible. It has to be taken into account that a structure that can withstand much higher loads than the 5 kN failure load is overdesigned. The wing box should have at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin, in order to avoid buckling in a reverse situation since landing causes compression in the lower skin of the wing box. Besides restrictions on load bearing capabilities, outer dimensions of the wing box have also been given. When these dimensions arent stuck to, proper testing is not possible and the design will be rejected. Dimensional restrictions are found in appendix A. (GENERAL DIAGRAM) Key concepts Throughout this report references will be made to a few key concepts. These concepts are discussed and explained below. Moment of inertia In order to calculate bending stress the moment of inertia is computed. The moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis is calculated through a variety of steps. First the position of the centroid without any attached stiffeners is calculated, together with effect of added stiffeners on the centroids position. This is done in excel in order to compute variable combinations to find the optimum in different configurations. The position for the centroid in vertical direction is given by where A is surface area in the cross section and y is the distance of a components centroid to a certain reference point (usually y=0). The moment of inertia is then calculated using the formula: In this formula dy is the distance between centroid and the centroid of the component. For rectangular shaped objects, as found in the wing box cross section, the formula the moment of inertia is as follows: The total moment of inertia is found by the summing the individual moments of inertia of each part of the wing box. The stringers are assumed to be made up of two perpendicular rectangles for purpose of calculations. The base shape of the wing box is assumed to be made of four individual rectangles, with stringers used in the four corners to hold the sheets together as shown [IMAGE REFERENCE]. The finished model has a change in moment of inertia as we add and subtract stringers to the top or the bottom of our structure. Thus by adding stringers to our model, we increase the moment of inertia of our structure and thus our structure is able to cope with higher loads. Compression shear buckling coefficients In order to relate sheet geometry and critical buckling stress, buckling coefficients are needed. Two coefficients are distinguished: compression buckling coefficient KC and shear buckling coefficient KS. Both coefficients vary with the ratio width:height (in which width>height) and clamping states of the sides of the area. Three clamping states are distinguished: clamped, hinged and free. From combinations of these clamping states different situations are created. For a wing box, shear buckling coefficient is used on web plates and compression buckling coefficient is used in the upper skin. On the web plates all stiffeners are assumed to be hinged supports. The connections to the upper and lower skin are considered clamped. This results in situations 2 for areas between stiffeners and situation A for outer areas, as shown in figure 2. Since the value of KS is bigger for A than for 2, all areas can be considered number 2 when considering failure (Brugemann et all, 2010). On the upper skin all connections to the clamps, spars and web plates are considered fixed as supports are deemed heavy and strong enough. Connections to stringers are considered hinged. This leads to situation 3 and 5 for the upper skin, as shown in figure 1 (Brugemann et all, 2010). Figures 1 and 2, showing the clamping states of the upper skin(1) and web plates(2) Loads As stated the wing box will be tested for tip loading. An illustration for such a tip load is shown in figure 3, with the tip load drawn in red. Resultant forces as shown in blue and green. Figure 3: A tip force (red) and resultant shear and normal forces From statics it is known that shear forces will be induced in the web plates of the torsion box to provide equilibrium of forces in y-direction. To provide moment equilibrium a force couple will act in the upper and lower skin, causing the former to be in compression and latter to be in tension (Wright Cooper, 2007). Shear force The approach taken to compute the number of stiffeners required on each web plate is as follows. First the forces which have to be dealt with by the web plates will be computed. After this the number of stiffeners required to cope with these forces without buckling will be calculated. The magnitude of the shear force in the web plates can be computed from equilibrium of moment around the y-axis, which states that the shear forces in the web plates are equal. Since the two shear forces together must equal P for equilibrium each shear force is equal to  ½P. From mechanics it is known that shear stress is shear force over area. Given that the web plates have a thickness t and a height of 2h we know the formula for the shear stress (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in the given values of P=2500N, h=75mm and t=0,8mm we find à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 10,42 MPa. However, at this point sweep of the wing hasnt been taken into account yet. The influence of wing sweep on the shear stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾(0à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 10,42MPa gives à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 13,89 MPa . This is the shear stress the web plates of the wing box should be able to cope with without buckling. Now progress can be made to computing the number of stiffeners. Knowing the value of shear stress to be dealt with, a look at the shear stress at which plate buckling occurs is needed. The formula for the initial buckling stress is as follows (Brugemann et all, 2010): In which KS is the shear buckling coefficient, E is the E-modulus of the material used, t is the thickness of the material used and b is the stringer pitch. For the placement of the stiffeners the two web plates of the wing box have to be considered individually, since both differ in length. Since the wing box during testing is clamped over 110mm and 60mm the first web plate has an effective length of 1099 mm and the second an effective length of 1330mm. The stringer pitch can then be computed by dividing web plate length by the number of intervals on the plate. At this point the reader is referred to the key concept of the shear buckling coefficient, where the determination of the buckling situation is done. This assessment is used for determining the KS coefficient. The following table can be made up for various numbers of stiffeners on the shorter web plate: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 549,5 3,663333 8,4 1,289028 2 366,3333333 2,442222 8,8 3,038424 3 274,75 1,831667 9,4 5,769936 4 219,8 1,465333 9,8 9,399164 5 183,1666667 1,221111 10,3 14,22535 6 157 1,046667 10,8 20,30219 7 137,375 0,915833 8 122,1111111 0,814074 A similar table can be made up for the longer web plate of length 1330mm: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 665 4,433333 8,3 0,869668 2 443,3333333 2,955556 8,6 2,027478 3 332,5 2,216667 9 3,772053 4 266 1,773333 9,35 6,123037 5 221,6666667 1,477778 9,7 9,147228 6 190 1,266667 10,2 13,09217 7 166,25 1,108333 10,6 17,77056 8 147,7777778 0,985185 Comparing the values in the tables with the given shear stress of 13,89 MPa shows us that the shorter web plate will require five stiffeners and the longer web plate will require seven stiffeners. Normal forces The second reaction forces in the wing box to be taken into account are the normal forces in the upper and lower skin. The same approach is to be taken as in determining the number of stiffeners. First loads to be dealt with are determined, then the number of stringers is to be determined. The normal force at an arbitrary point of the wing box can be computed from the formula (Brugemann et all, 2010): In this formula M(x) is the internal moment at position x, y is the distance from the wing box neutral axis to position x and I is the moment of inertia of the wing box cross section. First the lower skin of the wing box will be considered. As stated previously, this plate is loaded in tension. A quick calculation will show the lower plate does not require any stringers. Assuming the load of 2500N is applied at the tip of the wing the moment at the wing root is 3,75 ÃÆ'- 106 Nmm. Given that the distance between the couple of forces in the lower skin and upper skin is 150mm, the tension and compression forces in the top and bottom skin are 25000N. To obtain the stress, force is divided by area (400mm width and 0,8 mm height) and a value of 78,125Mpa is found, some way under the yield strength of 345 MPa. However, to comply with requirement four, one stringer will be placed in the middle of the lower skin. To compute the allowable normal stress in the upper skin the assumption is made at this point that five stringers will be used in the upper skin. This results in a moment of inertia I of 6852580 mm4 for the wing box cross section and a distance y = 64,1mm. This assumption is to be checked later. Given the moment at the wing root, the distance y and the moment of inertia I the normal stress in the upper plate is à Ã†â€™CR = 35,08 MPa at most. Just as with the maximum shear force, wing sweep plays a role according to: Filling in the formula gives à Ã†â€™(30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 46,77 MPa. This is the stress from which onwards buckling is allowed. Now a look is to be taken at the number of stringers. It is assumed two spar webs will be equally spaced over 1330 mm, resulting in a spar web pitch of 443,33mm. Critical stress is determined for some numbers of stringers. This critical stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Given all this data the following table can be made: Number of Stringers Stringer Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Kc (5) [-] Kc (3) [-] à Ã†â€™ (5) [Mpa] à Ã†â€™ (3) [Mpa] 1 200 2,16665 4,2 5,65 4,86528 6,54496 2 133,3333333 3,249975 3,8 5,25 9,90432 13,6836 3 100 4,3333 3,65 5,1 16,91264 23,63136 4 80 5,416625 3,6 5 26,064 36,2 5 66,66666667 6,49995 3,6 5 37,53216 52,128 6 57,14285714 7,583275 3,6 5 51,08544 70,952 The table shows six stringers equally spaced over the width of the wing box will prevent the upper skin from buckling. To double check we compute the moment of inertia of a wing box with six stringers (6770446 mm4) and the value for y (61,9mm). Filling in these values in the formula gives a normal compressive stress of 45,7 MPa, a value smaller than the allowable stress. Concluding, six stringers will be used in the upper skin. Inter rivet buckling An important aspect to keep into consideration when testing is inter rivet buckling, as this phenomenon causes almost instant failure. Therefore the rivets should be able to cope with the internal loads of the wing box at 5000N. Since rivet buckling only occurs in a state of compression, only the upper sheet is considered. Failure will occur when our wing box cannot withstand the maximum stress. To calculate the maximum stress, formula 7 is used. Again the sweep must be taken into account, so using formula 8: This is the maximum stress the wing box has to handle. Looking at this value we know that the aluminium will not fail because the yield stress of aluminium is 345 MPa. So the wing box will fail at the rivets. If the wing box is designed to withstand a tip load of 5 kN, then the rivets have to withstand a stress of 91,43 MPa. Inter rivet distance and inter rivet buckling stress are related through (Brugemann et all, 2010): à Ã†â€™MAX = In this formula c gives the end-fixity coefficient, which has a value of 2,1 for the pop-rivets to be used. Parameter s gives the spacing between rivets and t is the skin thickness. Rewriting this formula for s gives So with a c = 2,1, t = 0,8mm, E = 72400 MPa and a = 130.1MPa the spacing between two rivets becomes 30,95 mm. However, assembly precision only goes as far a whole millimetres, so for the simplification of fabrication the inter rivet spacing is set at s = 30 mm. Final design Summarizing, key aspects of our wing box are as follows. Width and height of the box are 400mm and 150mm respectively. The longer side of the wing box measures 1500mm and the shorter side 1269mm, with the deficit in length being caused by a 30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° cutaway at one end. On the shorter web plate, five stringers will be spaced equally over a distance of 1099mm, spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. On the longer web plate, seven stringers will be equally positioned over a distance of 1330mm, again spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. Inside the wing box, two spar webs will be positioned at a distance of 503,3mm and 946,66mm from the perpendicular edge. Through these spar webs one additional stringer will run over the bottom sheet and six additional stringers will run over the upper sheet, each spaced equally over the full width of the wing box. Finally, construction will be done through riveting, with the rivets being spaced 30mm from each other. TECHNICAL DRAWING ARE FOUND IN APPENDIX B. Failure modes One of the most important things in this wing design is knowing how and when the box will fail. Of course there are different failure modes and all of them have to be taken in to account. An important note: fatigue is not considered yet. The most important failure modes are described below. All the modes are considered for the design. It is necessary to know with stresses are in the design and at which stresses the design will fail, in order to make a good design. Also sweep has been taking into account, as stated in the design. According to J. Loughlan (1996) it is important to know where the stiffeners are. If the stiffeners are placed beyond the optimum value, then they have no function. The stiffeners then simply add weight, without having a function. Loughlan also states that adding a four percent of weight for stiffeners, causes a box to yield a buckling capacity that is three times higher than the buckling capacity of an unstiffened box. Nagendra et al (1994)experienced that all panels, with our without holes, always fail at or near the stiffeners, at places with high bending gradients. Allow a skin to buckle has weight advantages with respect to the non-buckling designs (Lynch, 2004) Compression skin buckling of the top skin The upper skin is loaded in compression due to the bending moment. The bending moment differs with the distance to the wing tip. Thus if the bending moment is too high, buckling will occur. To prevent this, stiffeners and stringers are placed in the design. As stated the allowable skin stress at which buckling occurs is given by formula 9. Kc can differ for each part of the box. Six stringers are used on the top side, with a Kc-value of 3,6 at line number 5. This means that the top skin can cope with a 51,08 Mpa stress without buckling, while the calculated maximum stress that will occur is 45,7 MPa. Shear Buckling of the spar webs Another failure mode is shear buckling of the spar webs. This occurs at the parts that should reinforce the design, the spar webs. In other words, when those reinforcements fail, the whole structure will fail. The initial buckling stress is given in formula 6. Line number 2 is used, with Ks having a value of 10,6 for the longer web plate(7 stiffeners used). This gives a shear stress of 17,77 Mpa where the longer web plate can cope with. For the shorter web plate a Ks of 10,3 is used( 5 stiffeners). So the shorter web plate can cope with a stress of 14,225 MPa. Both calculated values are higher than the shear stress in the plates (13,89 MPa). Since the shear stress is constant in the all the whole web plates, in this case it is most likely to fail at the shorter web plate. Inter rivet buckling Inter rivet buckling occurs at a high compression stress. Its possible to calculate the stress at which it occurs as given by formula 10. Since the space between the rivets is unknown and can be varied, this probably will the most important failure mode. As stated before the maximum compression stress in the whole structure is 91,422 MPa. This gives a rivet spacing of 30,95 mm. To make sure inter rivet buckling does not occur, 30mm spacing is used. The failure stress will then be 97,3 MPa. So thats the value at which it fails. 97,3MPa/ (4/3) = 72,979 Mpa gives a tip force of 5321N at which inter rivet buckling will occur. Allowable tension stress in the lower skin The upper skin is not the only side that can fail, logically. Thus the lower skin has to be taken in to account as well. The lower skin is loaded in tension. The stress can be calculated using formula 7. The centroid lies, due to the stringers 13,1mm above the neutral axis. The point where the maximum stress will occur is closest to the root, since there the largest moment occurs. The maximum stress in the lower skin is then -(5000ÃÆ'-1500ÃÆ'-(74+13.1))/6770446 = 97,5968 MPa. Taking sweep into account this gives a value of (4/3)ÃÆ'-97,5968 = 130,1 MPa. This is way lower than the ultimate stress of aluminum (483 MPa). Clamping effects For the purpose of testing the wing box will be clamped at both sides as shown in figure 4. The wing box will be attacked to the test clamp structure through the use of bolts. This clamping has an effect on the overall loads experienced by the wing box structure (Yan, 1999) showing that the clamping the wing box helps the wing box experience lower loads. These clamping effects have been taken into account when considering maximum load calculations, through the form of change in KC. By selecting the appropriate KC for application, in this case a two side hinged and two side clamped, KC line 5 (Brà ¼gemann et al 2010, p28), clamping effects can be taken into account on the loads and further calculations, to accurately predict failure. Figure 4, showing a clamped wing box during testing Production plan Construction activities Weight estimates Knowing the weight estimate for an aircraft component is crucial in the design process since weight plays a crucial role in terms aircraft performance, mainly fuel consumption, range, endurance, load capacity and speed. A light but robust wing box is designed to withstand the maximum wing load. It is important that estimation of the weight of the wing box is accurate. According to design plans, the wing box consists of a total of 11 stringers, 12 stiffeners and 753 rivets. Since the wing box is shaped as a trapezoid, the stringers will have different lengths and therefore need to be calculated accordingly. Taking into account the geometrical property of a trapezoid, it can be deduced that the average length of the stringers can be found by summing the longest and shortest stringers and dividing it by two. Now knowing the shape of the stringer, we can estimate its weight by using the average length, width of 20mm and thickness 3mm(considering a à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ´ shaped stringers as a bar when folded). Since the stiffeners have same lengths, weight is relatively easy to calculate. To find the net gain/loss of the rivets and holes, we need to deduct the weight of sheet metal when drilled away for rivets and add the weight of rivets. And finally the weight of the sheet metal will be calculated. Cost estimates To have an accurate estimation of the wing box structure, three things need to be taken into account, how much aluminum was used in the metal plating, the price of stringers/stiffeners and how many rivets are used. Also, we need a small surplus of rivets in order to buffer the human error involved during the manufacturing procedure. In the wing box, 1,65m2 of aluminum sheet metal is needed, however, the metal sheet needs to be big enough so that the 2D design of wing box can be cut out. Therefore the appropriate sheet metal has the dimension of 2,5m X 1,25m and costs 53,19 euros (Metals4U). In the construction of a wing box, a total of 17029,5mm of stringer/stiffener was used. The price of 5000mm of stringer/stiffener is 12,57 euros (Metals4U). Because it is not possible to purchase less than 5000 mm of stringer/stiffener, four 5000mm stringer/stiffener needs to be purchased. This will in total cost 50,26 euros. 753 rivets are needed for the wing box. Because it is only possible to purchase rivets in bulk, 800 rivets will be bought for both practical reasons and as a buffer. One hundred 3mm diameter rivets cost 4,43 euros per 100 rivets (Rivets Aluminium 4.0 x 10 5985). For 800 rivets, the cost will be 35,44 euros. Excluding manual labor wages for the students, the total cost for manufacturing the groups wing box is 138,89 euros. Conclusion This report has discussed the design of a wing box. The objective of this report was to design a wing box that is able to withstand a tip load of 2,5kN without buckling, a tip load of 5,0kN without failure (buckling is allowed), with at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin. The design has to be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. From our calculations it was concluded that the final wing box will have 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate and 2 spar webs. The construction will be done through riveting, with a rivet spacing of 30mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. By calculating the weight of each individual part and adding them up altogether, the weight of the wing box could be calculated. The weight estimation showed a total weight of 5,98 kg. In a similar way, the cost estimation was done, showing a total cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 138,89 A production plan has been produced describing the list of activities to be performed by a team of 11 people. Bibliography Brugemann et all, V. (2010). AE1200 Project Manual Design and Construction. Delft. Loughlan, J. (1996, May). The buckling of composite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending. Elsevier, 35(1), 101-116. Lynch, C. (2004, October). The computational post buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in compression. Elsevier, 42(10), 1446-1464. Nagendra. (1994). Buckling and failure characteristics of compression-loaded stiffened composite panels with a hole. Elsevier, 28(1), 1-17. Wright, J., Cooper, J. (2007). Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and loads. John Wiley and Sons. List of figures Figure 4 Van den Bos, 2010, Tips and tricks for modelling a wing box

The Debate Over Birds and Feathered Dinosaurs Essay -- Anthropology Es

The Debate Over Birds and Feathered Dinosaurs Because dinosaurs are animals that lived millions of years ago, we are entirely dependent on the fossils that they have left behind for any understanding that we hope to gain. As any paleontologist will tell you, fossil hunting is difficult. There are no certainties, no guarantees. A certain amount of luck is as valuable as any scientific knowledge. Every so often a discovery is made that attempts to shake up pre-conceived notions of how the dinosaurs actually lived or how they came to be. On June 22, 2000, in Oregon, scientists announced the discovery of the oldest known animal to have feathers. Though no records indicate how the age of the animal was determined, the fossil was dated at 220 million years old. It lived at the time of the very earliest dinosaurs, and about 75 million years before the first known bird.1[1] The scientists assert that Longisquama insignis is not a dinosaur, and may be one of the earliest bird ancestors. The animal was a small lizard-sized glider, with four legs and feathers on its body. It is believed that the feathers were used for gliding, as the ancient creature lacks the necessary structures for flying.1 Before the announcement of Longisquama, the earliest known animal with feathers was Archaeopteryx, a bird capable of flight that lived roughly 145 million years ago.1 It has been proposed that Archaeopteryx is the intermediary between birds and predatory theropods, such as Deinonychus.2 The discovery that Longisquama had feathers strongly questions the evolutionary origins of Archaeopteryx, and additionally may discredit the belief that it is the link between birds and dinosaurs. However, th... ...cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v408/n6811/full/408428a0_fs.html 5 The Field Museum. (2002). New Species Clarifies Bird-Dinosaur Link. Science Daily [online], 14 Feb 2002. Available at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/02/020214080242.htm 6 Monastersky, R. (1998). Feathered Dinosaurs Found in China. Science News Online [online], 27 June 1998. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/6_27_98/fob1.htm 7 H, J R. (1995). Are Birds Really Dinosaurs? [online] Available at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/avians.html 8 Rusatte, B. (1997). Controversial Fossil Claimed to Sink Dinosaur-Bird Link. [online] Available at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Galaxy/8152/longisquama.html 9 Brett-Surman, M K, et al. Top 10 Misconceptions about Dinosaurs. [online] Available at http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/faq.html